Contenido principal del artículo

Autores

Los actuales debates de género en redes socio-digitales han detonado la emergencia de posturas antifeministas que, a diferencia de expresiones misóginas, sexistas y/o machistas, se caracterizan por una mayor sofisticación argumental y cognitiva. Bajo dicho contexto, este artículo, por medio de una perspectiva teórico-metodológica que incluye dos modelos cualitativos de análisis, explora las maneras en que cuatro youtubers varones articulan una retórica “objetiva” antifeminista para convencer a sus seguidores, en nombre de la evidencia, sobre la supuesta falacia que representa el feminismo. Esta retórica no es producto de una fidelidad a la realidad social como defienden los youtubers en sus contenidos, sino de un ensamble entre elementos discursivos y tecnológicos que les posibilita adjudicarse una especie de autoridad empírica, mediante la cual rechazan los saberes y experiencias de sujetos feministas debido a su falta de “objetividad”. A partir de ello, se concluye que la autoridad empírica que se arrogan los youtubers les posibilita articular ideologías masculinas a través del valor de la prueba, apelando a la racionalidad y la objetividad que implica “ser hombre”, en contraste con la representación que crean en sus canales de las mujeres feministas como irracionales, carentes de “objetividad” y portadoras de un discurso falso.

José Ricardo Gutiérrez Vargas, Universidad Autónoma de México

.

Gutiérrez Vargas, J. R. (2024). Basado en evidencia: la conformación de ideologías masculinas en YouTube a través de una retórica “objetiva” antifeminista. La Manzana De La Discordia, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.25100/lamanzanadeladiscordia.v17i1.12607

Abidin, Crystal. (2015). Communicative Intimacies: Influencers and Perceived Interconnectedness. Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology, 8, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.7264/N3MW2FFG

Allan, Jonathan. (2016). Phallic Affect, or Why Men’s Rights Activists Have Feelings. Men and Masculinities, 19(1), 22–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X15574338

Althusser, Louise. (2008). Ideología y Aparatos Ideológicos del Estado. Práctica Teórica y Lucha Ideológica. Grupo Editorial Tomo.

Aristóteles. (1999). Retórica. Editorial Gredos.

Azpiazu, Joakim. (2017). Masculinidades y Feminismo. Virus editorial.

Banet-Weiser, Sara y Miltner, Kate. (2016) #MasculinitySoFragile: Culture, Structure, and Networked Misogyny. Feminist Media Studies, 16(1), 171-174. /https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2016.1120490

Banet-Weiser, Sara. (2018). Empowered: Popular Feminism and Popular Misogyny. Duke University Press.

Bazerman, Charles. (1998). Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science. University of Wisconsin Press.

Betz, Gregor. (2013). In Defence of the Value Free Ideal. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 3(2), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13194-012-0062-x

Blais, Melissa y Dupuis-Déri, Francis. (2012). Masculinism and the Antifeminist Countermovement. Social Movement Studies, 11(1), 21-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2012.640532

Bonet-Martí, Jordi. (2021). Los antifeminismos como contramovimiento: una revisión bibliográfica de las principales perspectivas teóricas y de los debates actuales. Teknokultura. Revista de Cultura Digital y Movimientos Sociales, 18(1), 61-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/TEKN.71303

Caballero, Antonio; Tortajada, Iolanda, y Willem, Cilia. (2017). Autenticidad, marca personal y agencia sexual: el posfeminismo lésbico en youtube. Investigaciones Feministas, 8(2), 353-368.

Chafetz, Janet, y Dworkin, Anthony. (1987). In the Face of Threat: Organized Antifeminism in Comparative Perspective. Gender and Society, 1(1), 33–60. http://www.jstor.org/stable/190086

Chess, Shira y Shaw, Adrienne. (2015). A Conspiracy of Fishes, or, How We Learned to Stop Worrying About #GamerGate and Embrace Hegemonic Masculinity, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(1), 208-220. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928741/10.1080/08838151.2014.999917

Clatterbaugh, Ken. (1997). Contemporary Perspectives on Masculinity: Men, Women, And Politics in Modern Society. Westview Press.

Conell, Raewyn. (2005). Masculinities. University California Press.

Danann. (s/f). Principal [Canal de YouTube]. www.youtube.com/@DanannOficial

Daston. Lorraine, y Galison Peter. (1992). The Image of Objectivity. Representations, 40, 81–128. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928741

DeCook, Julia. (2018). Memes and Symbolic Violence: #proudboys and the Use of Memes for Propaganda and the Construction of

Collective Identity. Learning, Media and Technology, 43(4), 485-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2018.1544149

Deutsche Welle (DW). (2021, 25 de enero). La mayoría de los homicidios en México tienen que ver con el narcotráfico. DW (online). https://www.dw.com/es/la-mayor%C3%ADa- de-los-homicidios-en-m%C3%A9xico-tiene-que-ver-con-el-narcotr%C3%A1fico/a-56339209

Devreux, Anne-Marie, y Lamoureux, Diane. (2012). Les antiféminismes : une nébuleuse aux manifestations tangibles. Recherches féministes, 25(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.7202/1011113ar

Dignam, Alexander y Rohlinger, Deana. (2019). Misogynistic Men Online: How the Red Pill Helped Elect Trump. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 44(3), 589-612. https://doi.org/10.1086/701155

Dobson, Amy. (2015). Postfeminism digital cultures: femininity, social media and self-representation. Palgrave MacMillan.

Dominijanni, Ida. (2016). Después del patriarcado. Feminismo y Cuestión Masculina. Lectora: Revista De Dones I Textualitat, (23), 229–253. https://doi.org/10.1344/Lectora2017.23.20

Döveling Katrin; Harju, Anu; y Sommer, Denise. (2018). From Mediatized Emotion to Digital Affect Cultures: New Technologies and Global Flows of Emotion. Social Media + Society 4(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117743141

Elliot, Kevin. (2011). Direct and Indirect Roles for Values in Science. Philosophy of Science. 78(2), 303-324. https://doi.org/10.1086/659222

Engler, Verónica. (2017). Antifeminismos Online. Nueva Sociedad, (269), 78-88. https://nuso.org/articulo/antifeminismo-online/

Farci, Manolo, y Righetti, Nicola. (2019). Italian Men´s Rights Activism and Online Backlash Against Feminism. Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia, (4), 765-781. https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1423/96115.

Flood, Michael. (2004). Backlash: Angry Men´s Movements. En Stacy Rossi (Ed.), The Battle Backlash Rage On: Why Feminism Cannot Be Obsolete (pp.261-278). Xlibris Press.

Gill, Rosalind. (2007). Postfeminist Media Culture: Elements of a Sensibility. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 10(2), 147–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549407075898

Gill, Rosalind. (2016). Post-postfeminism? New Feminist Visibilities in Postfeminist Times. Feminist Media Studies, 16(4), 610-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2016.1193293

Ging, Debbie. (2017). Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere. Men and Masculinities, 22(4). 638–657. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17706401

Ging, Debbie y Siapera, Eugenia. (2019). Gender Hate Online. Understanding the New Anti-feminism. Palgrave Macmillan.

Haraway, Donna. (1988). Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575–599. https://doi.org/10.2307/3178066

Harding, Sandra. (1993). Rethinking Standpoint Epistemology: ‘What Is Strong Objectivity’? En Linda, Alcoff, y Elizabeth, Potter. (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies (pp. 49-82). Routledge.

Haryanto, Nurul, y Suwito, K.A. (2020). Gender Identity Construction of Male Beauty Vloggers on YouTube. Talent Development and Excellence, 12(2), 171-177. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Gender-Identity-Construction-of-Male-Beauty-on-HaryantoSuwito/e88eb2a47b453781c2eb5d006d5759da8e98bb1c

Jane, Emma. (2018). Systemic Misogyny Exposed: Translating Rapeglish from the Manosphere with a Random Rape Threat Generator. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 21(6), 661–680. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877917734042

Johanssen, Jacob. (2022). Fantasy, Online Misogyny and the Manosphere. Male Bodies of Dis/inhibition. Routledge.

Kanai, Akane. (2019). Gender and Relatability in Digital Culture: Managing Affect, Intimacy and Value. Palgrave Macmillan.

Kimmel, Michael. (2013). White Angry Men. American Masculinity at the End of an Era. Bold Type Books.

Koulouris, Theodore. (2018). Online Misogyny and the Alternative Right: Debating the Undebatable, Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 750-761. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447428

La entropía de Valen. (s/f). Principal [Canal de YouTube]. www.youtube.com/@laentropiadevalen

Lada Amores. (s/f). Principal [Canal de YouTube]. www.youtube.com/@LadaAmores

Light, Ben. (2013). Networked Masculinities and Social Networking Sites: A Call for the Analysis of Men and Contemporary Digital Media. Masculinities and Social Change 2(3), 245-265. http://www.hipatiapress.info/hpjournals/index.php/mcs/article/view/762

Longino, Helen. (1990). Science as Social Knowledge. Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. Princenton University Press.

Maloney, Marcus; Roberts, Steven y Caruso, Alexandra. (2018). ‘Mmm … I love it, bro!’: Performances of Masculinity in YouTube gaming.

New Media and Society, 20(5), 1697-1714. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817703368

Maly, Ico. (2020). Metapolitical New Right Influencers: The Case of Brittany Pettibone. Social Sciences 9(7). 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9070113

Márquez, Israel y Ardévol, Elisenda. (2018). Hegemonía y contrahegemonía en el fenómeno youtuber. Desacatos, (56), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.29340/56.1876

Mars Aguirre. (s/f). Principal [Canal de YouTube]. www.youtube.com/@MarsAguirre

Marwick, Alice, y Caplan, Robyn. (2018). Drinking Male Tears: Language, the Manosphere, and Networked Harassment. Feminist Media

Studies, 18(4), 543-559. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1450568

McRobbie, Angela. (2008). Young Women and Consumer Cultura, Cultural Studies, 22(5), 531-550. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380802245803

Messner, Michael. (2016). Forks in the Road of Men´s Gender Politics: Men´s Rights vs Feminist Allies. International Journal of Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 5(2), 6-20. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i2.301.

Nagle, Angela. (2015). Contemporary Online Anti-feminist Movements [Tesis inédita de doctorado, University of Dublin]. https://doras.dcu.ie/22385/

Núñez, Guillermo. (2007). Masculinidad e intimidad: Identidad, sexualidad y sida. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Parks, Gabriel, y Russo, Daniel. (2022). New Media Masculinities: How YouTube Influencers Incubate Masculine Ideologies and Mentor Men Through Gender Crisis. En Donnalyn Pompper (Ed.), Rhetoric of Masculinity: Male Body Image, Media, and Gender Role/Stress Conflict (pp. 287-305). Lexington Books.

Pathak, Avijit. (2018). Ten Lectures on Education. AAKAR books.

Pérez-Royo, Victoria. (2022). El poder figural de la verticalidad. Tránsitos entre imágenes materiales e inmateriales en el cuerpo-imagen. En Ana García (Ed.), Iconic Agency and Materiality. Movements among Images and Pictures. Peter Lang (en prensa).

Pérez-Torres, Vanesa, Pastor-Ruiz, Yolanda, y Abarrou-Ben-Boubaker, Sara. (2018). YouTubers Videos and the Construction of Adolescent Identity. Comunicar, 26, 61-70. https://doi.org/10.3916/C55-2018-06

Petrocelli, Samir. (2021). La Andrósfera. En Luciano Fabbri (Comp.), La masculinidad incomodada (pp. 195-212). Universidad Nacional de Rosario Editora.

Pruchniewska, Urszula. (2018). Branding the Self as an “Authentic Feminist”: Negotiating Feminist Values in Post-Feminist Digital Cultural Production, Feminist Media Studies, 18(5), 810-824. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2017.1355330

Reiss, Julian y Sprenger, Jan. (2014). Scientific Objectivity. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1661577

Reyes-Mate, Manuel. (2010). Del proletariat al lumpen. Sobre el sujeto político en el capitalismo contemporáneo. Revista Internacional de Filosofía Política, (35), 47- 62. https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/285577

Roma, Gallardo. (s/f). Principal [Canal de YouTube]. www.youtube.com/@romagallardo7504

Rottenberg, Catherine. (2018). The Rise of Neoliberal Feminism. Oxford University Press.

Salter, Anastasia, y Bridget, Blodgett. (2012). Hypermasculinity & Dickwolves: The Contentious Role of Women in the New Gaming Public. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56(3), 401-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.705199

Schild, Verónica. (2016). Feminismo y Neoliberalismo en América Latina. New Left Review (96), 63-79. https://newleftreview.es/issues/96/articles/veronica-schild-feminismo-y-neoliberalismo-en-america-latina.pdf

Schmitz, Rachel, y Kazyak, Emily. (2016). Masculinities in Cyberspace: An Analysis of Portrayals of Manhood in Men’s Rights Activist Websites. Social Sciences, 5(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci5020018

Un Tío Blanco Hetero. (s/f). Principal (Canal de YouTube]. www.youtube.com/@UnTioBlancoHetero

VilaDixit. (s/f). Principal [Canal de YouTube]. www.youtube.com/@viladixit8395

Villacampa-Morales, Ester; Fedele, Maddalena, y Aran-Ramspott, Sue. (2021). YouTubers entre postfeminismo y feminismo popular: la construcción y la representación de la identidad de género de Dulceida y YellowMellow. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación/Mediterranean Journal of Communication, 12(2), 117-130. https://www.doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM.19602

Winter, Michael, y Robert, Ellen. (1980). Male Dominance, Late Capitalism, and the Growth of Instrumental Reason. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 24/25, 249–280. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41035489

Wotanis, Lindsey, y McMillan, Laurie. (2014). Performing Gender on YouTube: How Gina Marbles Negotiates a Hostile Online Environment. Feminist Media Studies, 14(6), 912-928. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2014.882373